Lulu Hypermarkets In Dubai Commerce Essay

mantrap Hypermarkets In Dubai Commerce Essay witness Hypermarkets belongs to EMKE Group which is a steer consortium in Dubai. T present be 78 hypermarkets of the base that are operating within the GCC Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (Bahrain, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE). The hypermarket competition in Oman is make up of truelove Hypermarkets with the French company Carre quad Hypermarkets, the Kuwait- base of operationsd Sultan fondness Hypermarkets, Oman-based Safeer Hypermarkets, the Dubai-based KM Trading Hypermarkets, and the new entrant from Dubai Al Maya Hypermarkets ( idleed in April 2009). witness is operating topic every last(predicate)y four (three in Muscat, one in Sohar) hypermarket sell outlets (in the metropolitan areas) and eight supermarket retail outlets (in sm entirely towns and upcountry areas) in Oman and provide be opening its fifth hypermarket in Salalah the third outsizest city in Oman after Muscat and Sohar. T he Companys central warehouse for Oman is located in the uppercase city Muscat.The riddle maculation dishful Hypermarkets has been set nigh tough monetary value competition from the Dubai-based KM Trading Hypermarkets and the new entrant Al Maya Hypermarkets. With the on-going world(prenominal) economic crisis and fluctuating oil prices Oman too is facing the adopt to tighten finances and the same applies to consumers in Oman. The result is consumers have c both on more(prenominal) careful and frugal in sp destructioning and sometimes end up cutting their volume of purchases and are more motivate here in Oman by bank discounted prices and Sale since the middle of year 2008.A major(ip) proportion of the document of hit Hypermarkets is made up of imported grocery store items and consumer electronic items, fashion goods, clothes, stationery, toys, and furniture) from Australia, India, China, the EC, Malaysia, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Thailand. This merchandise go es into stocking via dish antennas vertically incorporate supply chain.The stores staff in Lulu hypermarkets and supermarkets report to their story supervisors and severally of the supervisors ( at that place are 3 floor supervisors one for for each one floor in each of the hypermarkets and 1 floor supervisor ( sole(prenominal) ground floor) in each of the supermarkets) directly report to the purchaseing supervisor in each hypermarket and supermarket. The purchase supervisors directly report to the Purchasing Manager (see put down 1 to a lower place for a simplified Lulus administration structure of its purchasing department).Figure 1 Organisation Structure of Lulus Purchasing Department, OmanThe purchasing theatre director receives rules from the purchasing supervisors who base their methodicalness requisitions from the teachingal output generated from the EPOSs at each hypermarket/supermarket outlet. Thereafter the purchasing manager orders stocks from abroad and lia ises with oversea suppliers with and with the Tendering Contract Specialist. As is common here in the GCC countries, Lulu too has a very conservative top direction that includes its Board of music directors.However, occurrently Lulu is promptly engaged in replacement the old IT architecture and revamping its concern In dustation establishments (MISs), including a Inventory prudence System, soon (around end of September 2010) to take advantage of online ordering organizations with the foot of its own web-portal.Customer belongings is a chance upon factor for successfully operating any affair at all times (Hurley, 2004). This is all the more vital now given the global economic crisis which just about of the countries populacewide, including Oman, are going by.Of late (since mid 2008) there have been usual shortages of stocks (spray dried milk and an early(a)(prenominal) staple grocery items leading multinational brands) and as a result Lulus guests ( both(preno minal) the Omanis and expatriates) are unhappy over the non-avail ability of items/brands of their choice that were retailed by Lulu.In certain lines of grocery items there were excess stocking and on others there were shortages. And in order to over cut the shortages orders were made to be transported by air which significantly increased the freight cost of imported goods.On the other extreme, some grocery items (low bulk) that are supplied to small institutional buyers (e.g. coffee shops in Muscat) could non be sourced from the exporters in time for delivery as several orders had to wait to be bunched to bewilder up the bulk to nonplus low cost freight from the shipping companies. These mistakes have been cause by lame or bad decision qualification resulting from poor information and conversation flows between the store outlets (sales) and purchasing department (purchases). For example, the Inventory Status epitome Report and Customer Sales History have been found to be n ot that accurate during a specially commissioned operational study in February 2009.Furthermore, Lulus warehousing space in (Muscat) Oman is limited. Although the EMKE Group is corrected of expression a new warehouse in Muscat, the mountainous terrain makes it tough to pass water warehouse buildings in the short run.In consequence, poor muniment focalise is a serious issue which is threatening Lulus efforts in customer retention and loyalty and the profitability of its bank line in Oman.An attempt has been made in this motif to analyse the above issue in Lulu, Oman by applying Checklands (1981 Checkland Scholes, 1990) round the bend Systems Methodology (SSM).MetaphorsProblem notes such as the above can be in force(p)ly tackled by the application of critical clays persuasion ( crown of Mississippi, 2003). Critical systems intellection fire employs a wide range of validational fables (images) which can dish out in judgement the make-ups as well as to explore and analyse the difficult riddle perspectives which managers requirement to tackle (Flood Jackson, 1991).Metaphors can be loted as cognitive lenses through which people make sense their situations for obtaining a better understanding of the same (Kendall Kendall, 1993).The most common archetypal metaphors that can be employ to guide systems intellection are (Jackson, 1993 Morgan, 1997)Organisations as machinesOrganisations as organismsOrganisations as brainsOrganisations as culturesOrganisations as political systemsOrganisations as psychic prisonsOrganisations as flux and renewalOrganisations as instruments of dominationMetaphoric expression of the placement helps to understand how its stake accorders make sense of their presidency and their worldviews and also encourages its managers to think fictively about their organisations as well (ibid). This is because metaphors provide a utile avenue to make creative assumptions in organisational analysis for describing and explor ing the riddle situation effectively (Morgan, 1980 1997).To guide the critical systems thinking, in relation to the above paradox situation, the organisms metaphor has been chosen at the superior metaphor and the machines metaphor as the parasitical metaphor. The organisms metaphor represents open view and the machine metaphor represents closed view (Flood Jackson, 1991).According to Jackson (1993) an organisation when viewed as a machine is seen as a dickhead created for achieving the purposes of the owners of the organisation. Managers are assumed to be rational in their decision-making (ibid). Control in the organisation is enforced through strict rules and procedures within a tight organisational hierarchy of authority (ibid).An organisation when viewed like an organism appears as a mazy system composed of sub-systems that co follow unitedly (ibid). The main designing of the organisation is survival from which the derivatory objectives are set for each of the organi sations sub-systems to accomplish (ibid). If there are functional failures then the sub-systems should be examined as whether they stick to pit the organisations objectives and studys and also the organisation should be cross-checked as to whether it is properly align with and well-adjusted to its environment (ibid). To this end the managerial sub-system must be entrusted with this primal task (ibid).Accordingly with regard to the Lulus worry situation above, the organism metaphor is considered as the dominant metaphor as the inventory focus and be involve outside environmental participants (for e.g. suppliers and customers) and the machine metaphor as the dependent metaphor since it produced negative effects through poor information and talk flows in relation to purchases and sales as well as wrong decision making in relation to ordering supplies. fleshy Systems cerebration and Soft Systems ThinkingProblem situations in organisations can be tackled by managers by using a hard systems thinking flak or soft thinking approach.Hard systems thinking approach is useful when systems exist and the objectives of the system/s can be easily defined (Checkland, 1981 1988). Hard systems thinking approach is based upon rational and scientific methods where a wizard optimal theme is found (Checkland, 1981). However, the hard systems thinking approach is not useful to administer messy, unpredictable, and ill-structured paradox situations wherein the homophile participants constitute an important variable beat in the complex problem situation (Checkland, 1981 1989).Soft systems thinking approach does not require systems to exist and views the human performance systems (HAS), which indicates the human bodily function to accomplish a certain goals, quite distinct from other systems in the organisation (Checkland, 1981).The strong emphasis placed upon systemness sets hard systems thinking approach distinctly separate and different from soft systems thinki ng approach (Checkland Holwell, 1998).The System of Systems Methodologies (SoSM)For exploring the complex problem situation of Lulu Checklands (1981 Checkland Scholes, 1990) Soft Systems Methodology has been chosen from Jackson and Keys (1984) the System of Systems Methodologies (see Table 1 below).The reason behind choosing SSM was that Lulus problem scope involved unique participants separated by locations and the unique reputation of the inventory system which is significant both in the problem context as well as for Lulu to satisfy its customers needs.Table 1 The System of Systems Methodologies (Jackson Keys, 1984).PARTICIPANTSSoft Systems Methodology SSMChecklands (1981 Checkland Scholes, 1990) Soft Systems Methodology is a useful methodology for applying systems thinking to complex problem situations in organisations to analyse both qualitative and quantitative information for the same, since Lulus problem situation involves complex human, political, and affable elemen ts.SSM ProcessThe SSM is a 7 make up handle of enquiry wherein the limpid connections of the SSM work at help the actual problem solve activity to shanghai more flexibly between one stage and the other in the SSM (Flood Jackson, 1991).Although the SSM is a 7 stage process the stages need not ineluctably to be used in a strict sequential order (Checkland Scholes, 1990). Figure 2 below illustrates the 7 stage SSM process.Figure 2 7 head Model of SSM(Source Adapted from Checkland Scholes, 1990) microscope stage 1- The Problem SituationIn this first stage of the SSM the participants of the HAS start investigating the ill-structured problem situation without any assumptions which eventually lead to a common understanding of the messy-problem which requires adjacent attention (Jackson, 2003).Lulus messy problem situation represents the divided need of the participants of the organisational (Lulu) human activity system (HAS) to collect the easy information together as a poli ce squad in order to explore.The HAS in Lulus problem situation is represented in the form of a Review-Group composed of the director and supporter Director Purchasing Warehousing -, Purchasing Manager, Purchasing Supervisors (Muscat only), one floor staff from each of the Lulu Hypermarkets, two general stores staff members from Lulu hypermarkets and supermarkets, and the Tendering Contract Specialist.Accordingly, the information was gathered and sorted through data assembling on physical and social structures and processes (departmental, for e.g. Accounts Finance) by studying the inventory records, large samples of daily till rolls, minutes of the purchasing department amassings, interacting with customers, etc. In addition to this 3 shops were conducted, at Lulus Head Office (its first Hypermarket at Darsait a metro in Muscat) with the above participants where open discussions were encouraged. tip 2- Problem Situation Expressed through Rich PicturesRich picture/s is/are u sed to represent the available information which was gathered from stage 1 of the SSM process to depict the actual situation involving the human activity (Paucar-Caceres Rodriguez-Ulloa, 2007).In other words, the rich picture helps to visualise the generalised characteristics of the problem situation better. The following key characteristics emerged from the workshop with the participants of the Review-Group pathetic Inventory ManagementStock-out situationsLimited inventory computer storage spaceMay lose customers to competitorsPoor information and colloquy flows between the store outlets and purchasing department inadequateness of the existing inventory concern system.The rich picture shown in Figure 3 (on the next page) illustrates the review groups impressions and viewpoints on Lulus problem situation.Figure 3 Rich Picture for LuluThe above rich picture in Figure 3 illustrates the concerns of the Lulu staffs and the members of the Purchasing Department in the problem situatio n. Dotted line indicates the inadequacy/ lack of good communication and information flows.Stage 3- Root DefinitionsAfter examining the rich picture in detail, a systematic description of the viewpoints or the worldviews from different angles are made. Root definitions help capture the core purpose of the activity systems to explore effectively into the problem situation and emend it (Checkland Scholes, 1990). Root definitions in effect are literal descriptions about the systems which are being examined (Hicks, 1991). The settle down definitions help to describe the work shift processes and the situational-changes in the real world (Paucar-Caceres Rodriguez-Ulloa, 2007).Accordingly a single fore definition was derived from the above rich picture and has been reproduced belowAn inventory management system owned by the Company with the objective of meliorate the inventory control through timely and efficient procuring and purchasing of goods by utilising the available resources effectively in order to sell profitably. This inventory management system will be used to manage the purchase routines effectively through better communication and exchange of information among all the staffs for satisfying customers by providing improved customer services.The abbreviation CATWOE is consisting of the six key elements Customer, Actor, Transformation, Worldview, Owner, and Environment, are used for formulating the calm definitions.The CATWOE elements for the above resolution definition areCustomers Lulu and its customersActors The undefiled staffs of LuluTransformation Improved inventory control and better communication flowsWorld view Pro imagination of improved customer servicesOwners The Managing Director and ShareholdersEnvironment Market competition and the organisational sub-systems.Stage 4- Building Conceptual ModelsThe root definitions serve as the bag for building the abstract models for the problem situation.The excogitationual model (see Figure 4 on t he next page) from the above root definition indicates the followingThe purchasing department of Lulu must ease up an effective feed put up system to improve decision making in purchasing as well as in inventory control.Effective management of information and communication flows.Motivate the staffs to participate positively in the inventory management.This feedback system should also inform Lulu about its customers needs.Figure 4 Conceptual ModelThe conceptual model in Figure 4 depicts the activities that are required to carry out the transformation processes from the above root definition. The conceptual model indicates that for timely imports to be made a design of key activities have to be carried out like inputting the customer floor, maintaining an active cooperation with the overseas suppliers etc for improving the inventory management system and thus take care that Lulus business operations run efficiently and effectively with least disturbances.Stage 5- Comparing Concept ual Models with the Real WorldThis stage is to promote plastic debate (open discussion among the Review-Group participants) based on the conceptual model. This is carried out by comparing the conceptual model with the real world and identifying the differences therein to mold any changes for implementing them successfully in such a way that the creation matches closely to the conceptual model derived from the application of systems thinking approach (Jackson, 2003).Stage 6- Systematically Desirable and Culturally Feasible ChangesThe debate in the form of open discussion is resided in this stage as well. The main channelise of this debate is to identify consistently desirable changes relevance and culturally operable people oriented -. The purpose here is to determine changes that need to be made for improving the problem situation rather than the conceptual models (Checkland Scholes, 1990).The Review-Group identified the following systemically desirable and culturally fea sible changes for intervention intro of an up to date Inventory Management System (new application software) which is capable of keeping the stock levels under control such that adequate (optimal) quantity levels and lines of stocks are available at all times.Ensure that the staffs are motivated to work in a cooperative way, especially, the staffs that are involved in Lulus purchasing function.It would be necessary to incorporate customer sales history for having control over slow moving items (that still have customers who buy them but not frequently).Although Lulu maintains an excellent rapport with all its overseas suppliers, the group felt that more active cooperation from the suppliers should be elicited.Timely imports through enhanced purchasing procedures.With improved purchasing procedures and optimal re-order sizes better discount deals from the suppliers should be actively negotiated and obtained. This could give a competitive advantage for Lulu over its rivals in Oman thr ough competitive pricing.Increasing the capacity of storage space for holding stocks would involve capital budgeting procedures by the Top Management.Stage 7- Taking Actions to Improve the Problem SituationThis stage involves taking systematically desirable and culturally feasible actions for improving the problem situation. The taking of systematically desirable and culturally feasible actions can help further to improve the problem situation (Jackson, 2003).Accordingly, the information gathered from the 3 workshops with the Review-Group participants was helpful for Lulu in creating recommendations that require intervention in the real world for improving the problem situation, through the possible implementation of the systemically desirable and culturally feasible changes identified in Stage 6 above.ConclusionThis paper move to apply the Soft Thinking approach to complex problem solving in the case of Lulu Hypermarkets, Oman through the application of Checklands (1981 Checkland Scholes, 1990) Soft Systems Methodology. Lulus operations in Oman is driven by the need to totally import all of its stocks from overseas (which is inevitable in Oman as the industrialisation is being real only since 1995 after the implementation of privatisation by the Omani Government) and the objective of Lulu to keep all its customers satisfied with availability of goods as and when the customer requires.(Part A 3,021 words without Contents References)Part BThe present day business environment is dominated by rapid and continuous global changes, which businesses and other organisations as well as their managers cannot afford to ignore these changes today and continue (Turban et al, 2005). Further organisations have become and are becoming more complex due to the changes in the business environment in economic activity, population, and applied science as a result of which organisations need to build their ability to adapt to these changes in order to meet the challenges impos ed by the changes (Sterman, 1994).Todays managers require effective strategies to facilitate their organisations to adapt to the changing business environment and sanction their organisations to continue their operational existence successfully into the future (Hitt, 1996).Fifth DisciplineIn order to face the changes in the business environment an organisation need to be a study organisation (Senge, 1990). A learning organisation is one which is expanding its capacity recurringly for the purpose of obtaining a sustainable keep operational existence into future (ibid). In other words a learning organisation is one where it continually renews itself to stay in touchstone with the changing times in the present as well as into the future.A learning organisation is distinctly unique from the other forms of handed-down organisations in terms of the following five moderates (ibid)Building shared out visiongenial modelsPersonal controlTeam learningSystems thinking.The Five Discipli nes of breeding OrganisationBuilding Shared VisionShared vision tally to Senge (1990) is the common mutual image /view which people in an organisation have in regard to the activities of the organisation they are in and the organisation itself. The main purpose of the shared vision crystalise is to ensure that the individuals goals and objectives are aligned with the organisational goals and objectives in order to promote a mutual shared understanding of the organisation to which they belong. The discipline of shared vision is aimed at carry about voluntary and wilful commitment from the people in an organisation.Mental ModelsMental models are the embodiment of deeply seated generalisations and assumptions, images and pictures as to the worldview held by individual from his or her own perspectives (ibid). In other words, the mental models allow an individual carry out introspection for deeper exploration within him or her for the mutual benefit of the individual and the organisa tion.Personal MasteryThis discipline involves the continual clarification and strengthening ones personal vision to facilitate concentrated focus of human energies by learning to be patient and developing the ability to see the real world in an objective way (ibid). This is unremarkably the highest of human aspirations which we all strongly endeavour to achieve.Team LearningThe team learning discipline is about individuals thinking in a integrated way where US is more important than I. The core of the team learning discipline is about mutual dialogue that permits s thinking together (ibid). Team learning is indispensable for the learning organisation where teams are the dominant resource for learning in order to remain adaptable to changes in the organisational environment.Systems ThinkingSystems thinking is a modern approach to decision making that is composed of valid knowledge that help in the understanding of the problem patterns more clearly to formulate better improved solut ions (ibid).Systems thinking is the key discipline of the learning organisation. Thats why Senge (1990) calls it as the Fifth Discipline in his book. Senge states that the systems thinking discipline integrates the previous four disciplines of the learning organisation. In his view the systems thinking discipline facilitates managers to obtain a better understanding of their organisational systems in order to plan and carry out action that are more appropriate to the problem situations in question.Systems thinking implies and indicates to the modern approach to thinking about systems that systems are important (Forrester, 1994). Systems thinking can help managers to handle complex problems more effectively by allowing them to view their organisational systems holistically (Checkland, 1981). In other words, the systems thinking approach helps managers to reconceptualise complex issues as well as meet workable solutions to them (Senge Sterman, 1992).Using the conventional approach, assuming linearity, managers used to break a problem into their separate constituent parts to formulate a solution by analysing each of these parts and form conclusions in a scientific way (Kofman Senge, 1993). However, the modern problem situations which managers face in todays complex world do not yield to the conventional linear approach and whence would require systems thinking that forces to look into the circularity of the variables that make up the problem situations (ibid).Further systems view manifest systems thinking approach by help and banding people to make their mental models that can foster group learning and obtain a shared understanding of the purpose (Turban et al, 2005). accustomed the current globalised world it is imperative to understand the importance of systems thinking in making decisions to address the challenges imposed by the changes in the global business environment (ibid).According to Senge (1990) systems thinking has three core elements that provid e the basis for systems view of the organisations. These are (ibid, p.373)Practices What you do,Principles Guiding ideas and insights,Essences The state of being those with high levels of mastery in the discipline.Leaders and managers can bring about the desired doings from their people in the organisation by focusing on the four levels of the behavioural perspectives of their people (ibid). These are (ibid)Events observable behaviours and actionsPatterns of behaviour repetitive behaviours and actions general structures the interrelationships between the patterns of behaviour andPurpose story forming mental models that keep that hold the systemic structures.SummaryThe cornerstone of Senges learning organisation is systems thinking discipline and systems thinking helps the individuals to learn in their organisations with a holistic view of their organisation as a system. This is because systems thinking is a unifying discipline which integrates all the other disciplines (the dis ciplines of shared vision, mental models, personal mastery, and team learning) of the learning organisation to meet the challenges of changing and turbulent business environment in order to sustain the organisations continued existence.Systems in the learning organisation are composed of interrelated mental models (composed of each of the individuals perceptions) from its people. For a successful learning organisation to take place individuals must share their mental models without inhibition in order to obtain a coordinated understanding of the actual system holistically through a shared vision. It should be noted here that the concept of shared vision help individuals to learn more willingly and actively in a cooperative way. However, to do so managers should be leave office willing and equally actively extend their cooperation as well. Also managers should come out of their traditional mindsets to allow new systems thinking to get in (Senge, 1990).Fifth Discipline Lulu Hypermar kets (Muscat, Oman)Application of the Soft Systems Methodology, the soft systems thinking approach to Lulus complex problem situation, in Part A of this paper is good example of applying Senges Fifth Discipline Systems Thinking.Global Economic CrisisThe current global economic crisis has impacted Oman also. As a result the clandestine sector as well as the public sector is facing challenges due to the global economic crisis. One of the major effect of the current global economic crisis is businesses in Oman, including Lulu Hypermarkets, are cutting back on their investments as well as their current pending capital projects.A key challenge faced by Lulu is the bring down consumption pattern that has become noticeable since August 2008 in Oman (as is indicated by the drastic fall in the resale-value of the beach-side prestigious properties of the Wave project in Muscat).Lulu wrongly estimated that its sales would remain either unaffected or marginally affected by the impact of the global economic crisis. This is because about 78% of Lulus sales revenue comes from selling food and grocery items. simply the inventory management problem situation coupled with reduced customer spending on food and grocery items threatened not only Lulus sales but also made it vulnerable to tough price competition from its rival hypermarkets.Together these indicate the unpreparedness of Lulu to changes in the external environment such as the one caused by the current global economic crisis.Systems ThinkingSystems thinking is the vital element for learning organisations that aim to continually have organisation renewal (Senge, 1990). And the use of systems thinking discipline implies that the organisation and its managers in question are willing to adapt to changes and meet the challenges posed by those changes to overcome them successfully.Systems thinking presupposes (although not necessarily) the use of shared vision, mental models, personal mastery, and team learning disciplin es. The above SSM study for Lulu from Part A can be used to illustrate these disciplines in order to obtain a better understanding of the reduced spending arising from the impact of the global economic crisis.Shared VisionThe formation of the Review-Group for applying the SSM process brought together the participants from Lulus different locations in Oman, though many of them were sharing like job responsibilities, in a face-to-face and peer-to-peer contact with one another(prenominal) as a group as well as workshop participants, allowed direct personal and open interactions with the members of the top management (the Purchasing Director and the Purchasing Manager). During the entire period of each of the workshop debates within the SSM process the open interactions helped one another to share their ideas and opinions regarding the problem situation, more so due to the close proximity of the factors that revealed the inventory management problem.In doing so the Review-Group members and the members of the top management and thus Lulu were on the same hybridize to address the problem situation.Mental ModelsThe exercise of

Hierarchy Of Effects Model

Hierarchy Of organise up ModelAdvertising is a puzzle out of communication utilize to turn an interview to take some action with respect to intersection points, ideas, or services. The sought after result is norm ally to drive consumer behavior with respect to an organizational mark commonly to increase aw beness or sales. Advertising messages argon usually paying(a) for by sponsors and viewed via various media including traditional media such(prenominal) as newspapers, magazines, television, radiocommunication, outdoor(a) or direct mail or new media such as websites and text messages. In shorter terms, publicise is the non-personal communication of learning usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about produces, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. However not all advertizing are successful and those that fail are mainly delinquent to the lack of communication or failure to establish the desired messages to the references. In order for an publicise campaign to be successful, there are some(prenominal) implementations based on publicizing theories which rotter help communication to bump in effect(p)ly with the consultation.Hierarchy-of-Effects ModelAmong advert theories, the hierarchy-of-effects model is predominant. It shows clear steps of how advertising works.Hierarchy of effects Model can be explained with the help of a pyramid. depression the lower level objectives such as awareness, existledge or recognition are accomplished.Subsequent objectives may focus on moving prospects to high levels in the pyramid to elicit desired behavioral responses such as associating savourings with the grease, trial, or regular use etc. it is easier to accomplish ad objectives hardened at the base of the pyramid than the ones towards the top. The percentage of prospective customers will declivity as they move up the pyramid towards more action oriented objectives, such as regular scrape use.AwarenessI f some of the lay audience is unaware of the object, the communicators task is to pass water awareness, perhaps just evoke recognition, with simple messages repeating the product name. Consumers must become aware of the brand. This isnt as straightforward as it seems. Capturing someones attention doesnt mean they will notice the brand name. Thus, the brand name needs to be made focal to buzz off consumers to become aware. Magazines are full of ads that will capture your attention, but youll adopt trouble easily seeing the brand name.KnowledgeThe rear end audience superpower grow product awareness but not know much more hence this stage involves creating brand knowledge. This is where comprehension of the brand name and what it stands for become important. What are the brands specific appeals, its benefits? In what way is it disparate than competitors brands? Who is the target market? These are the types of questions that must be answered if consumers are to acquire the s tep of brand knowledge.LikingIf target members know the product, how do they feel about it? If the audience looks unfavourably towards the product to communicator has to find out why. If the critical view is based on real tasks, a communication campaigns unaccompanied cannot do the job. For product problem it is necessary to offshoot fix the problem and only then can you communicate its renewed quality.PreferenceThe target audience might like the product but not choose it to others. In this case, the communicator must try to build consumer preference by promoting quality, value, writ of execution and other features. The communicator can check the campaigns success by measuring audience preference before and after the campaign.ConvictionA target audience might prefer a particular product but not develop a conviction about buying it. The communicators job is to build conviction among the target audience.PurchaseFinally, some members of the target audience might have conviction bu t not quite get close to to making the bribe. They may wait for more in exerciseation or proposal to act later. The communicator must need these consumers to take the final step, perhaps by offering the product at a low price, offering a premium, or letting consumers tried out. This is where consumers make a move to very search out information or purchase.Thus advertising is theory to work and follow a certain sequence whereby the prospect is travel through a serial of stages in succession from unawareness to the purchase of the product.Advertising cannot induce immediate behavioural response, rather a series of mental effects must occur with the fulfillment at from each one stage before progress to the next stage is possible.3ALIENCE IN OUR virtuoso IS ABOUT THE BRAND COMING TO heed IN PERSONALLY germane(predicate) CHOICE SITUATIONS 2OMANIUK AND 3HARP B 4HE BRAND HAS BE precipitate PART OF ONE S BROAD CONSIDERATION SET A BRAND THAT ONE powerfulness BUY OR USE n EITHER NO W OR IN YEARS AHEAD4HIS GOES WELL BEYOND TRADITIONAL cognizance OR EVEN THE strength OF SUCH AWARENESS E G lRST RECALL3ALIENCE CONCERNS THE SIZE OF THE BRAND IN ONE S MIND 2OMANIUK AND 3HARP B I E ALL THE MEMORY STRUC TURES WHICH tolerate leave THE BRAND TO COME FORWARD FOR THE WIDE RANGE OF RECALL CUES THAT base OCCUR IN PURCHASE OCCASIONS 7ITH THIS SHARE OF MIND COME FEELINGS OF BEING FAMILIAR AND FEELINGS OF ASSUR ANCE h9ES ) VE HEARD OF IT )T SHOULD BE ALL RIGHT v 4HAT IS OUR BROAD DESIGNATION OF h3ALIENCEv n AWARENESS AND MEMORY TRACES positively charged FAMILIARITY PLUS ASSURANCE-ORAN IN HIS SEMINAL PAPER AL READY in a bad way(p) THE ROLE OF A BRAND S h0RES ENCEv 3IMILARLY BULLMORES fAME(2002) IS A COLOURFUL behavior OF REmECTING SA LIENCE UT IT OVERSTATES THE ROLE OF BIG BRANDS n SUCCESSFUL SMALL BRANDS CAN STILL BE SALIENT FOR THOSE WHO USE OR CONSIDER THEM alone HARDLY famousDigital advertisingTelevision advertising / medicine in advertisingThe TV technical is gene rally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football plunk for in the United States is cognise as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single one-thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached US$3 million (as of 2009). The bulk of television commercials feature a song or jingle that listeners shortly relate to the product. Virtual elevatements may be inserted into regular television computer programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops9 or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote spread audience.10 More controversially, virtual billboards may be inserted into the background11 where none exist in real-life. This technique is especially used in televised sporting events.1213 Virtual product placement is also possi ble.1415 Infomercials An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically cinque minutes or longer. The word infomercial combining the words information commercial. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.Radio advertisingRadio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for public exposure the commercials. While radio has the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found not only on air, but also online. fit in to Arbitron, radio has approximately 241.6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent of the U.S. population.Online advertisingOnline advertising is a form of promotion that uses the net profit and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to pull customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search railway locomotive results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online categorise advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.Product placementsCovert advertising, also known as guerrilla advertising, is when a product or brand is implant in entertainment and media. For example, in a charge, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruises character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logoty pe understandably written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them classics, because the film is set out-of-the-way(prenominal) in the future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also showcase futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for zee Watches, Ford, VAIO, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably Casino Royale. In Fantastic Four Rise of the flatware Surfer, the main transport vehicle shows a vauntingly Dodge logo on the front. Blade Runner includes some of the most obvious product placement the whole film stops to show a Coca-Cola billboard. somatogen etic advertisingPress advertisingPress advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or betray journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a study national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising a product or service. Another form of press advertising is the pomp Ad, which is a larger ad (can include art) that typically run in an article section of a newspaper.Billboard advertising Billboards are large structures located in public places which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large standard of passing motor and pedestrian traffic however, they can be fit(p) in any l ocation with large amounts of viewers, such as on mass transit vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or property buildings, and in stadiums.The RedEye newspaper advertised to its target market at North Avenue Beach with a sailboat billboard on Lake Michigan.Mobile billboard advertisingMobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens. These can be on consecrated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes preselected by clients, they can also be specially equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including Target advertising, One-day, and long-term campaigns, Conventions, Sporting events , Store openings and similar promotional events, and hulky advertisements from smaller companies.In-store advertisingIn-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in transparent locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters, eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays. umber tree cup advertisingCoffee cup advertising is any advertisement placed upon a coffee cup that is distributed out of an office, caf, or drive-through coffee shop. This form of advertising was first popularized in Australia, and has begun growing in popularity in the United States, India, and parts of the halfway East.citation neededStreet advertisingThis type of advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with produc ts such as chase away Graffiti and 3d pavement advertising, the media became an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces.Celebrity brandingThis type of advertising focuses upon using honor power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products and promote specific stores or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear garment by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however. One mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. For example, pastime his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, natator Michael Phelps contract with Kelloggs was terminated, as Kelloggs did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.

Theories of Cultural Criminology

Theories of pagan CriminologyContemporary Issues in Criminology heathenish Criminologycritic totallyy discuss its theoretical underpinnings and evaluate whether this theoretical approach serves as a engrossful explanation of condemnable behavior in modern Britain. heathen criminology is the approach to the investigation of wickedness that its guiltyity and its control atomic number 18 found in the context of kitchen-gardening. This means, that institutions of hatred control, and iniquity by it self be seen as products of last. Cultural criminologys study is approached with theories, methods, and semi semipolitical analysis. There ar two key elements that interact, and ethnic criminology wants to pay its attention on this interaction which is between the ascending and descending of the connection of constructions.It always focuses upon the adjoining genesis of deputizestance around this interaction such as making and breaking of the rules of law, innovation and inf ringement in politics. (www. heathencriminology.org)Particularly, ethnic criminology is an observation performed by Ferrell Sanders (1995), and implement by Redhead (1995) and invigorated(prenominal)s and linked specific academic threads to pause the meeting of heathenish and woeful procedures in flow rate social life. (Kane 1998)In modern society the crime practice and crime control, with ethnical dynamics, argon connected and cultural criminology discovers the various ways in which they connect. In other(a) words, what cultural criminology supports, is the idea that the centrality of meaning and representation in the structure of crime as a temporary fact.From this point of view, the traditional ideas of crime and crime awareness to add pictures of il wakeless behavior and symbolic appearances of law beef upment, famous culture structures of crime and poisonous behavior. Scholars are allowed from this big interest and grindermergence on culture, and mess have bett er understanding of crime, as funny activity, and overly comprehends the politics that contest for criminal control. (www.culturalcriminology.org)Cultural criminology unites at a very high level, the clear-sight of sociological criminology with the orientations toward picture and design, which is effrontery by the cultural studies area.Cultural criminology has appeared from a much more mixed co-process of criminology, sociology and of course cultural analysis and this is because of the wide contribution of criminology and culture combined.This appearance was the basic jump for the tumefy educated people who worked in association with the Birmingham School of Cultural studies, the National Deviancy Conference, and in Great Britain with the new criminology in the 1970s. (www.culturalcriminology.org)After reviewing the bod of modern power, the academics studied the extensions of social level that had to do with culture and ideology. proscribe guncultures but also easy-going cou ntries (that have another meaning of life), have been discovered by those academics. After the observation, they examined what came in between these two distinguishable ideologies who choose square control and social inspection. (www.culturalcriminology.org)Any regulation that is living and wet is a topic to ordinary processes of regeneration and refreshment. Criminology is the alike. It has had its humanist Marxist, feminist, and rationalist, between other reappearances and is presently being delighted to one more paradigm switch in the shape of a self- aird cultural criminology.A current unique issue is Theoretical Criminology (2004), which was dedicated to the appearance and predictions of this new jolly on the rational block. According to Hayward and Youngs (2004259) opening strive of the particular topic, cultural criminology is the placing of crime and its control in the background of culture that is, observing both crime and the organization of control as cultural pro ducts as inspired creations. (OBrien 2005, p. 599)The main area that new criminology examines most, is how actors derive meaning, and also looks on how to use the analysis of the examination they are focusing on, to kick downstairs what leads to breaching the law as every day routine. (ibid. 260, 266). Understanding its mental inheritance in 1960s radicalism and by noticing and observing the strange and not well known subcultures upon that radicalism as more of criminological work, the argument pays attention to its tender-hearted certifications and oppositional political motions. Indeed, cultural criminology describes it self as, and delights in, working at the margins of mainstream criminology, for two reasons, first, because it is here, in these forgotten spaces that the story of crime so often unfolds, and secondly because mainstream criminology is prevail by administrative rationalization and statistical complexity. (OBrien 2005, Ferrell 1999 p. 599)Whether a new mental try does not actually stands for what cultural criminology really is, quite of a logical process of past work on different subcultures is still in question, and it is worth it if is a category it self and given a suitable historical reflection. (OBrien 2005, p. 599)Usually, criminal behavior means sub cultural behavior. Individuals and activities which are known as criminals are formally produced by the limits of different and criminal subcultures. Criminologists have accredited this from the interactionist criminology of the Chicago School and EdwinSutherland to the sub cultural theories of Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin. (Ferrell, 1995 p.26)Either if it is carried out by a group of people, or just by one person, specific criminal acts are ordinarily set up within incited by sub cultural. Even though the boundaries may still have an inaccurate definition, and the membership may growth in numbers as well as the level of commitment, these subcultures take final human dealinghips for those who take part in them. Biker, hustler, Blood and Crip, all name sub cultural networks as much as unmarried personalities.(Ferrell, 1995 p.26)As Sutherland and the Chicago School knew from fifty years ago , and go immeasurable case studies have been certified, criminal subcultures merge not hardly proximities of personal intercourseship. To be able to discuss about criminal subculture, the major power to accredit a group of people and a truss of symbols, meaning and education is required. Members of criminal subcultures always adapt and discuss motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes, they perform a different kind of language, look/style, personality and they take part at a larger or smaller level, in a subculture, a way of life which they chose.(Ferrell, 1995 p.26)The sub cultural meaning mostly action, personality, and stipulation is organized around the style which the subcultures member decide to have. Delicacies of elect style, defines what crime means, and diffe rence for sub cultural members, agents of judicial control, consumers of intercede crime pictures and other people. We must be clever enough to understand the criminal acts and chosen aesthetics they have for their selves. (Ferrell, 1995 p.26-27)Katzs research, for example, has linked criminal acts and aesthetics by examining the styles and symbolic meanings which emerge inside the everyday dynamics of criminal events and criminal subcultures. By paying attention to dark sunglasses and white undershirts, to slender styles of walking, talking, and otherwise presenting ones criminal identity, Katz has sketched the alternative deviant culture, the coherent deviant aesthetic in which badasses, cholos, punks, youth gang members, and others participate.In these cases, as in other forms of crime on and off the street, the meaning of criminality is anchored in the style of its collective practice. The bikers ritually reconstructed motorcycle, the gang members sports garb and tattoos, the graffiti writers mysterious street images, and the skinheads violently provocative medicament constitute the essential cultural and sub cultural materials out of which criminal projects and criminal identities are constructed and displayed. Once again, participation in a criminal subculture, or in the culture of crime, means participation in the symbolization and style, the collective aesthetic environment, of criminality. (Ferrell, 1995 p.27)A recent study by the British cultural studies tradition to Katz and other new criminologists has concluded that style and symbolisation not only bind with the wide social and lawful relations in which these subcultures are caught. Criminal subcultures and their styles accelerate out of school, age, ethnicity, gender and legal inequalities repeat and resist these social wrong lines. This interaction of sub cultural style, inequality and power in knock over, reminds of Beckers classic criminological inconsiderate that we have to investigate , criminal subcultures and also legal and political powers who built these subcultures as criminal.After we do the study, we see that these powers (authorities) both opposing to sub cultural styles, and themselves, putting symbolic and stylish strategies of their own against them. The criminalization attempts of legal and political supporters show again the control of cultural forces. In criminalizing cultural and sub cultural actions, and demonstrating for public support, ethical capitalists and legal authorities influence legal and political structures, but possibly more, so structures of mass symbolism and perception. (Ferrell, 1995 p.27, 28)To stamp down the real meaning of criminalization and crime, cultural criminology should count the powers of criminal subcultures as well as for the powers of mass media. Nowadays, intervene pictures of crime and criminal abuse, is harming as slowly-slowly and by doing that, helps the public to draw opinions and policies that have to do with crime. But ostensibly these modern cases construct on latest interceded constructions of crime and its control. In the unite States, criminalization of marijuana fifty years ago was based on a try to wake people up to see the hazard and face it, as unambiguously defective symbol in Los Angeles newspapers. (Ferrell, 1995 p.28)In the mid-1960s, shocking media reports of rape and assault placed the circumstance for a permissible campaign in opposition to the Hells Angels and at approximately the matching time, lawful harassments on British mods and rockers were lawful throughout the medias consumption of culture medium symbols. In the 1970s, the mutual relations amid the British mass media and criminal evaluator system formed a discernment that mugging was a fantastic new injures of crime. And throughout the 1980s and untimely 1990s, mediated horror legends confirm wars on drugs, gangs, and graffiti in the United States, and shaped instants of mediated deterrent example panic over child cruelty and child pornography in Great Britain. (Ferrell, 1995 p.28)This concentration on cultural dynamics, the composition of deviant reason opinions, the motion behind obedient frontiers, show the probabilities for a reviewable cultural criminology and a kind of postmodernist cultural criminology too. Contemporary public, feminist and cultural theories are increasingly moving behind obedient limitations and divide categories to build synthetic, postmodern expectations on cultural and social life. Although grated by their eclectic and divergent parts, these opinions use approximately same general ideas, between them, the perception that the everyday culture of people and the everyday culture of people and teams merges strong and clashing separations of style and meaning. (Ferrell, 1995 p.36)The symbolism and style of social interaction, the culture of everyday life in this way forms a contested political terrain, embodying patterns of inequality, power, and privileg e. And these patterns are in turn intertwined with larger structures of mediated information and entertainment, cultural production and consumption, and legal and political authority. As the sort of cultural criminology outlined here develops, it can coalesce criminology into these synthetic lines of situated inquiry now emerging under encompassing headings like postmodernism and cultural studies. (Ferrell, 1995 p.28)Although grated but their electric and divergent parts, these opinions use some sane general ideas, between them, the perception that the everyday culture of people and teams merges strong and clashing separations of style and meaning. Consequently cultural criminology gives the chance to criminologists, to reinforce their own thoughts and beliefs on crime with perceptive from different areas, but providing at the same time for their colleagues in the studies of culture, sociology of culture, studies on media, and wherever they can aim their thoughts from, criminaliz ation, and their connection to political and cultural procedures.Folding or breaching the motions of criminology in arrange to build a cultural criminology, undercuts modern criminology, not more that it extends and vitalizes it. Cultural criminology extends criminologys sectors contain words conventionally considered external to it like hot music, style, media operations and texts, and gallery act. Likely, criminology is introduced in contemporary discourses with these worlds and gives a termination of criminological perspectives are very important to them. Crime and cultures relation, and the wider relation among criminology and modern social, cultural life, are both of them enlighten within cultural criminology. (Ferrell, 1995 p.36-37)ReferencesFerrell, J. (1995) Culture, Crime, and Cultural Criminology on-line. journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. Available from http//www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol3is2/culture.html Accessed 1 March 2008O Briem, M. (2005) what is cul tural about cultural criminology? British Journal Criminology, On-line Available from URL EUniModulesWhat is Cultural about Cultural Criminology OBrien 45 (5) 599 British Journal of Criminology.htm 1 Accessed 2 March 2008.Ferrell, J. Cultural criminology. Blackwell cyclopaedia of Sociology on-line. Available from -http//www.culturalcriminology.org/papers/cult-crim-blackwell-ency-soc.pdf

Developing A Mobile Application For Kingston Library Computer Science Essay

Developing A Mobile operation For capital of Jamaica Library Computer Science EssayAs power of my course, I go out be developing a fluent covering for capital of Jamaica University Library for my dissertation. The finishing return out be designed for android devices. I chose android weapons platform because it is distri neverthelessed under open source pass and becoming hugely popular. Also mechanical man app developer can take avail of the mobile hardw atomic number 18 design and can sell the app easily in android market. The main users of my application pass on be students where they can memory access the system by login using their ID and password. My application will cast a library catalogue search feature which will return a brief summary, book details and availability for separately entry. The application will also include basic information around all libraries, much(prenominal) as locations, opening times, contact details etc. Accessing the online resources and Epay ar presently not included in the requirements but which can be downed if time permits or at a later stage.As the cipher will be written in Java, JDK from Sun has to be installed on the system. I will be using Eclipse IDE to develop the application. android developer website offers all the guidance and required tools needed to develop an Android app which will be extremely beneficial for me as I am completely new to mobile application education. The initial stages in intention development will include SWOT analysis, Use Case diagrams, requirements specification, and UML diagrams.A honk plan and a risk analysis has been devised for the smooth running of the be after by taking into consideration of the varying demands of each phase.Introduction and earthMobile devices direct evolved significantly during the last decade reservation it a necessity in everyday life. They are now more than barely a means to make a phone conversation. The smart phones put up for all k inds of users whether they want to do business or just to have fun. This created a boom in mobile software applications ranges from simple games to mingled navigational systems. There are apps suitable for every customer making them a must have to make life a fate easier in todays busy lifestyle.The most popular Smartphones in the electric current industry are Apple iPhone, Blackberry, Microsoft Windows Mobile, Android and Symbian. I have chosen Android platform by Open Handset chemical bond to develop my application because it is open source and its members such as Google, HTC and T-mobile offers gigantic developer support through its developer website. According to market research Android phones are set to increase their current market share of 9% to 30% by 2014.As the Android market offers an online application store to transfer both paid and free apps for its customers it is easier to access a variety of Android apps.I will be developing an Android application for Kingston University Library System that will change the students to access the library direct to login, search books, renew books and access library hours, location and contact information. My initial approach will be to focus on Android platform but if possible I would develop this app compatible with other(a) platforms as well.Some institutions such as Cambridge University have their library app already implemented. So this will be a first step towards having a mobile library application for Kingston University. I will be expression into other organisations mobile library applications as well to give me an sharpness into the field.The major stakeholders of this application will be I and students of Kingston University but maybe in the future this learning experience will enable me to develop apps for other institutions or create a universal library system by collaborating with other institutions.Aims and ObjectivesThe main aim of the project will be to design and deliver a mobile app lication for the Kingston University Library on time. During this process I can learn about the a la mode(p) trends and technologies available in the market so that after the cessation of my course I can either secure a personal credit line in the mobile app development or work as a freelance app developer.This project will enable be to implement the skills I have learned so far during the course and widen my intimacy about mobile application development tools and techniques. I am hoping to invoke a professional and effective library app for Kingston University.I will take this learning experience as an opportunity to explore the latest standards and approaches towards developing effective mobile applications. I am planning to implement extra functionalities that are not already available in other mobile apps such as adding credit to library card, though the surety in mobile devices is questionable.Technologies and ResourcesAndroid software comes with an operating system, a midd leware and primaeval applications. It is a multi user Linux system in which each application is treated as a different user. The platform uses Java programming language. Android 2.3 is the latest version of Android operating system for Smartphone which will be utilize in developing my application.Android ArchitectureFollowing are the major development tools requiredSuns Java education KitEclipse IDEAndroid Software Development KitThe Android Developer tool (ADT) Plug-in for EclipseThe Android emulator can be used to debug applications but latest Android phones such as Samsung wandflower S which uses Android 2.3 can be used to run the application in a real time environment.Kingston Universitys current library system uses Aquabrowser by Serial Solutions which has a user complaisant interface and a feature rich environment. It will be a challenge to implement all the features of Aquabrowser for a mobile device. So at this point I am concentrating on the basic library operations. During the project analysis phase, SWOT analysis will be bring aboutd to get a better understanding of the industry. A requirements analysis will be carried out to specify the functional and non-functional requirements. UML diagram is also very multipurpose in plotting the activity and sequence diagrams so is the Use Case analysis. I will be adopting Agile software development approach to execute my project which involves iterations that are of short time frames. support PlanningA project plan has been developed using Gantt chart by break of serve the project in to small manageable processes for the smooth operation. The duration allocated for each steps reflect the effort and skills needed, allocating maximum duration for implementation.Project focal point Gantt ChartTasksStart DateDurationEnd DateProject Proposal01/02/20113003/03/2011Analysis01/03/20113202/04/2011Design02/04/20113103/05/2011 retardation Report20/06/20111030/06/2011Poster Presentation24/06/20111004/07/2011Impl ementation03/05/20118325/07/2011Evaluation25/07/20112115/08/2011Documentation15/08/20113115/09/2011Submission15/09/2011722/09/2011Risk Assessment and EvaluationThe major risks entangled in this process that will make the project to fall fanny memorial will be lack of development knowledge, hardware failure, and requirements modifications.I have developed an action plan to minimise these risks and any unexpected circumstances not to affect the project deadline.RisksActionRequirements modifications modify the requirements and addressConflict in requirementsUpdate the requirements and continueHardware failure endlessly back up, Locate alternativesCompetitors new releasesPropose something differentFlaws in scheduleEdit and update the scheduleLagging behind schedule evermore keep a diary to note activitiesPoor productivityUpdate skills and allocate more time